Difference between revisions of "Woven actinometer for quantum"

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'''what is actinometer?'''
 
'''what is actinometer?'''
 
then I am looking into this old technology [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinometer actinometer].
 
then I am looking into this old technology [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinometer actinometer].
Actinometers are instruments used to measure the heating power of radiation. They are used in meteorology to measure solar radiation as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrheliometer#/media/File:1913_Balloon_Borne_Pyrheliometer.jpg pyrheliometers].
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'''Actinometers are instruments used to measure the heating power of radiation. They are used in meteorology to measure solar radiation as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrheliometer#/media/File:1913_Balloon_Borne_Pyrheliometer.jpg pyrheliometers].
 +
An actinometer is a chemical system or physical device which determines the number of photons in a beam integrally or per unit time. This name is commonly applied to devices used in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges. For example, solutions of iron(III) oxalate can be used as a chemical actinometer, while bolometers, thermopiles, and photodiodes are physical devices giving a reading that can be correlated to the number of photons detected.. The actinometer was invented by John Herschel in 1825; he introduced the term actinometer, the first of many uses of the prefix actin for scientific instruments, effects, and processes. The actinograph is a related device for estimating the actinic power of lighting for photography.'''
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Chemical actinometry involves measuring radiant flux via the yield from a chemical reaction. It requires a chemical with a known [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_yield quantum yield] and easily analyzed reaction products.
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Potassium ferrioxalate is commonly used, as it is simple to use and sensitive over a wide range of relevant wavelengths (254 nm to 500 nm). Other actinometers include malachite green leucocyanides, vanadium(V)–iron(III) oxalate and monochloroacetic acid, however all of these undergo dark reactions, that is, they react in the absence of light. This is undesirable since it will have to be corrected for. Organic actinometers like butyrophenone or piperylene are analysed by gas chromatography. Other actinometers are more specific in terms of the range of wavelengths at which quantum yields have been determined. Reinecke’s salt K reacts in the near-UV region although it is thermally unstable.  Uranyl oxalate has been used historically but is very toxic and cumbersome to analyze.
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Recent investigations into nitrate photolysis have used 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and benzoic acid as a radical scavenger for hydroxyl radicals produced in the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide and sodium nitrate. However, they originally used ferrioxalate actinometry to calibrate the quantum yields for the hydrogen peroxide photolysis. Radical scavengers proved a viable method of measuring production of hydroxyl radical.
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Meso-diphenylhelianthrene can be used for chemical actinometry in the visible range (400–700 nm). This chemical measures in the 475–610 nm range, but measurements in wider spectral ranges can be done with this chemical if the emission spectrum of the light source is known.
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[[File:microphotoreacter.png|400px]]
 
[[File:microphotoreacter.png|400px]]
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[[File:1913_Balloon_Borne_Pyrheliometer.jpg|400px]]
 
[[File:1913_Balloon_Borne_Pyrheliometer.jpg|400px]]
  
  
An actinometer is a chemical system or physical device which determines the number of photons in a beam integrally or per unit time. This name is commonly applied to devices used in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges. For example, solutions of iron(III) oxalate can be used as a chemical actinometer, while bolometers, thermopiles, and photodiodes are physical devices giving a reading that can be correlated to the number of photons detected..
 
  
The actinometer was invented by John Herschel in 1825; he introduced the term actinometer, the first of many uses of the prefix actin for scientific instruments, effects, and processes.
 
  
The actinograph is a related device for estimating the actinic power of lighting for photography.
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https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01153086/document
 
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01153086/document

Revision as of 08:17, 23 October 2019

I have been noticed that there are many potassium ferrioxalate crystals formed and "left over" from making cyanotype sensitizer for my laser dye project, the crystal is relatively easy to make and can be molded so I am thinking to build a crystal installation in large size. then I found it's the chemical for the actinometer. However I am using "new cyanotype" invented by Mike Ware, this crystal are not found in the traditional cyanotype formula. By mixing the two basic solutions potassium ferricyanide and ferric ammonium oxalate with heat, the crystal is formed after placing the mixed solutions for 2 hours to 48 hours, the duration length is relevant to the crystal physical shape, usually the longer the bigger crystal. Below I tried to "grow" the potassium ferrioxalate crystal on an aluminum plate and silk fibers.

Potassium ferrioxalate8.jpg


Potassium ferrioxalate1.jpg Potassium ferrioxalate2.jpg Potassium ferrioxalate3.jpg Potassium ferrioxalate4.jpg Potassium ferrioxalate5.jpg Potassium ferrioxalate6.jpg Potassium ferrioxalate7.jpg


what is actinometer? then I am looking into this old technology actinometer.

Actinometers are instruments used to measure the heating power of radiation. They are used in meteorology to measure solar radiation as pyrheliometers. An actinometer is a chemical system or physical device which determines the number of photons in a beam integrally or per unit time. This name is commonly applied to devices used in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges. For example, solutions of iron(III) oxalate can be used as a chemical actinometer, while bolometers, thermopiles, and photodiodes are physical devices giving a reading that can be correlated to the number of photons detected.. The actinometer was invented by John Herschel in 1825; he introduced the term actinometer, the first of many uses of the prefix actin for scientific instruments, effects, and processes. The actinograph is a related device for estimating the actinic power of lighting for photography.

Chemical actinometry involves measuring radiant flux via the yield from a chemical reaction. It requires a chemical with a known quantum yield and easily analyzed reaction products.

Potassium ferrioxalate is commonly used, as it is simple to use and sensitive over a wide range of relevant wavelengths (254 nm to 500 nm). Other actinometers include malachite green leucocyanides, vanadium(V)–iron(III) oxalate and monochloroacetic acid, however all of these undergo dark reactions, that is, they react in the absence of light. This is undesirable since it will have to be corrected for. Organic actinometers like butyrophenone or piperylene are analysed by gas chromatography. Other actinometers are more specific in terms of the range of wavelengths at which quantum yields have been determined. Reinecke’s salt K reacts in the near-UV region although it is thermally unstable. Uranyl oxalate has been used historically but is very toxic and cumbersome to analyze.

Recent investigations into nitrate photolysis have used 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and benzoic acid as a radical scavenger for hydroxyl radicals produced in the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide and sodium nitrate. However, they originally used ferrioxalate actinometry to calibrate the quantum yields for the hydrogen peroxide photolysis. Radical scavengers proved a viable method of measuring production of hydroxyl radical.

Meso-diphenylhelianthrene can be used for chemical actinometry in the visible range (400–700 nm). This chemical measures in the 475–610 nm range, but measurements in wider spectral ranges can be done with this chemical if the emission spectrum of the light source is known.


Microphotoreacter.png


1913 Balloon Borne Pyrheliometer.jpg




https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01153086/document

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